FINAL UPDATE:
After buffering the data, the limitation in sampling frequency appears to come from the testTimer function. This function has a specific runtime, and runs on a timer interrupt. If the timer interrupt's period (testTimerPeriod in ps_constants.cpp) is smaller than the actual time it takes for the function to run, the function does not run correctly, yielding incorrect and strange results.
For those looking to increase their sampling frequency, this seems to be the next bottleneck after the data streaming. Perhaps some alteration/optimization of this function could increase the sampling rate slightly, perhaps not.
Ultimately, to increase the sampling frequency of the Rodeostat, you can:
Decrease MinimumSamplingPeriod within ps_constants.cpp in order to remove the software limitation on sampling frequency
Remove calls to convertMstoUs in ps_periodic test and in ps_system_state.cpp, allowing for periods to be passed directly in units of us, rather than being limited to a sampling period of an integer in ms
In serviceDataBuffer (in ps_system_state.cpp) , modify the function so that it does not transmit data until test done flag has been set (by putting an if statement around most of the function).
With this we were able to achieve higher than the stock sampling frequency for a small number of periods (this was limited by the memory, since the data buffer would get filled with too many points since we did not clear it until the end). Unfortunately, high frequencies like 10kHz or 100kHz did not seem to be reachable.
In addition, thank you @Will-Dickson for your help figuring this out.